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Because of population grew, london become inscreasingly congested. In addition, more and more passengers arrive here as expansion of the overground railway. the result is the railway formed a ring around the city, the aera within considered overcrowded slums, poorly built, and the street full of horse-drawn traffic. Crossing the city became horrible, many schemes were proposed to resolve the problem, but few succeeded＋

Amongst the most vocal advocates, Charles Pearson works as a solicitor for the city of london. He saw both social and economic advantages in building an underground railway that would link the rail stations together and clear the slums within london, and relocate the poor workers to the suburb as helped them to access the cheap rail travel. Pearson's idea gained much support amongst some businessmen. In 1851, he submitted the idea to parliament, but it was rejected. Instead, it coincided with a proposal from another group, which passed. The two groups merged to establish the Metropolitan Railway Company in august 1854. They plan to construct the line from the great western railway's (GWR) station at Paddington to the edge of the city at farrington street. It became difficult to raise funds because of how radical it is. It also goes under the criticism of many objectors and critical articles. They said the railway would collapse under the pressure of traffic, and that the passengers would be poisoned, buiding was shaken. However, Pearson and his partners persisted. The GWR is aware that the railway can finally run trains into the heart of the city, invested 250000 pounds in the scheme. Over the five years, it took 1 million pounds. The chosen route was run beneath existing main roads to minimise the expense of demolishing buildings. The scheme was completed in 21 months, but the construction of the underground took three years. They use the technique known as " cut and cover ", two metres deep soil laid on top of the tunnel, and the road above rebuilt. Many staggering figures were created in the first years after it opened on 10 January 1863. 40000 passengers on the first day were carried between Paddington and Farringdon, and 9,5 million journeys had been made in the first year.＋ The first extension to the line was authorised right after the Metropolitan began operation. These a few problems with the locomotives' smoke and fumes when they have to run within the tunnel＋

＋However, London streets became worse for some reason, and the locomotive problems were resolved. That's a great technical achievement, but it did not make a profit at all